I'm also running into installation problems with the latest version. The machine in question is running Ubuntu 20.04 LTS:
sudo apt install ./teams_1.4.00.26453_amd64.deb
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Note, selecting 'teams' instead of './teams_1.4.00.26453_amd64.deb'
The following NEW packages will be installed:
teams
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 4 not upgraded.
Need to get 84.5 MB of archives.
After this operation, 303 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/ms-teams stable/main amd64 teams amd64 1.4.00.26453 [84.5 MB]
Fetched 84.5 MB in 20s (4,244 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package teams.
(Reading database ... 611443 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../teams_1.4.00.26453_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking teams (1.4.00.26453) ...
Setting up teams (1.4.00.26453) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.24-1ubuntu3) ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.36.0-1ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.3+18.04.20180207.2-0ubuntu2) ...
Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...
dpkg: error: dpkg frontend lock is locked by another process
E: Problem executing scripts DPkg::Post-Invoke '/usr/local/apps/zoom/updater.sh'
E: Sub-process returned an error code
First... I'm puzzled as to WHY it is trying to update a competing product?: Post-Invoke '/usr/local/apps/zoom/updater.sh' Given Microsoft's history of intentional borking other installed apps, this is a very questionable move to do, particularly when there is no explanation about what is happening.
Second... the resulting Teams installation isn't functional. When I start it, I get a teams login dialog without text next to any of the fields. Clicking in what appears to be fields and typing produces no visible text.
When I use the official package directly, I encounter a similar problem:
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoftteams/get-clients#linux