I'm assuming the USB adapter is for wireless networking, not for a network cable?
If you go into your Power Options, and select Balanced, then "Change advanced power settings," you can fine tune each of the settings. For example, under Wireless Adapter Settings, you can set it to use less power when on battery than when you're on AC power. This does not slow down the transfer rate, but it will reduce your range, so if you are at the limit (or close to it) of your range, reducing the power may cause intermittent loss of signal.
The biggest power hog in your laptop is most likely the CPU. You can change those settings under "Processor power management", but be aware that if you set it too low, you may save some money, but you'll raise your frustration level because the laptop will run slower :)
If things are running well right now, I wouldn't worry about saving money by crippling the speed of your system when on AC. Your not going to see any appreciable difference in your power bill. If you're really looking to save money there, numerous other changes around the house would be more helpful, like mini-fluorescent bulbs instead of incandescent, changing your thermostat settings, etc. In the grand scheme of things, a laptop doesn't draw that much.
SC Tom