I've had the same problem with a Sony Vaio running 8.1. The microphone is already enabled. Only the internal microphone was available to select from; no external mic was available to 'enable' (and yes, show disabled devices and show disconnected devices were selected). The external mic was connected to the 1/8" microphone jack and turned on. There was absolutely no sound heard by either the monitor for the system or my recording software. The device managers insist everything is functioning properly.
From what I've been reading, this is not a new problem nor is it one that's limited to one brand. This is not the first problem I've been having with Windows 8 and it's certainly not the first problem with the OS that's clearly being ignored by Microsoft. I've said it before, and I will say it again: this is the last Microsoft hardware item I will EVER purchase. You all clearly don't care about customer satisfaction or end user problems. Especially given the fact so-called support engineers keep spouting the same canned responses as if they'll magically start working if they say it enough times.