Hello Matt,
Thank you for posting your query on Microsoft Community.
As per description, you are facing issue while playing Minecraft game.
As you have already performed certain steps towards resolving the issue.
I would suggest you to follow the methods give below and check if that helps.
Method 1: I would suggest you to update the graphics card. If that doesn’t help then uninstall and reinstall the graphics card driver and check if it helps.
To uninstall graphics card driver from Device Manager, follow these steps.
a. Press Windows Key + X, choose Device Manager.
b. Expand the Display Adapters.
C. Right-click on the graphics card driver and click on Uninstall.
Restart the computer. Download and install the graphics card driver from manufacturer’s website.
If issue still persists try method 2,
Method 2: Perform Clean Boot.
Placing your system in Clean Boot state helps in identifying if any third party applications or startup items are causing the issue. Check this issue in clean boot state.
Refer: How to perform a clean boot in Windows
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/929135
Note: After clean boot troubleshooting step, follow the section "How to reset the computer to start as usual after troubleshooting with clean boot" in the provided link to return your computer to Normal startup mode.
Hope this information is helpful. Please do let us know if you need further assistance with Windows.