I have found that the registry entry DWord:BackOffLowDiskThresholdMB at HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows Search\Gathering Manager will cause this error. By default the value is 600 [at least on Windows 8.1 and 10].
I reduced this value to 100 and immediately the problem went away. To change this value you have to right-click on the key (HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows Search\Gathering Manager) and select Permissions and then Advanced and then change Owner from TrustedInstaller to Administrators. Then you can select OK and get back to the security tab and there give Administrators Full Control. Then change the value to 100 decimal (or whatever you want small than 600 decimal). Stop and restart the Windows Search service and it should create a complete index.
I don't know why with apparently so much space you would have an issue. You could use ProcMon to see at what location SearchIndexer.exe is finding .edb files (these are the search index database files). Then see if that location has enough space. Possibly there is some quota on the space you can use in that location, it is being redirected to another volume with less space or something like these options.