Hi Seth -
Let's use Advanced Startup Options from the Windows 10 bootable media which is a more stable repair method.
From another PC install the Media Creation Tool to create a bootable 8gb+ flash stick or save an ISO to burn to DVD,.
Insert the media, power up PC while pressing the BIOS Boot Menu Key , select the UEFI version of media if offered (means you have UEFI BIOS), browse to second screen Repair Your Computer link, then Advanced Troubleshoot options to try Startup Repair, System Restore, or if present to Go Back to old Build.
If these fail you can try to one of these method How to enter Windows 10's Safe Mode including if necessary to unlock F8 Boot Options from the REpair Command Line listed at the end. In Safe Mode with Networking work through the Windows 10 Performance and Install Integrity Checklist - Microsoft Community to check the install is set up correctly, optimized for best performance and any needed repairs get done.
If that doesn't work then you can try the Repairs in the above checklist from the booted media's repair Command Prompt.
As a last resort you can try from the booted media's Troubleshoot options to Reset Your Windows 10 PC which will save your files and reinstall the OS. If that fails you can Clean Install Windows 10 which is the gold standard install and includes a step to rescue files first.
Feel free to ask back any questions and let us know how it goes.