The error code given appears to be pretty generic. It also applies to games on Xbox units. Only Microsoft can answer this issue, I think. I'm not going to try anything else on either of my PCs until they respond or fix the issue on their end. I guess my streak of completing all daily challenges for the above list of games is over until they fix this. I've logged into my MS account on the web, too, and there's nothing wrong there, either. From my perspective, everything should be fine. It doesn't appear to be corruption on my local machines unless that corruption has spread from my Surface laptop to my home-built desktop PC (both machines are on the creator's update).
I'm glad to see I'm not alone with this issue. A fix or a response sometime soon would be nice, Microsoft!
EDIT: My guess is this is some sort of app/store license issue. Unfortunately, I have no idea how to go about fixing it myself. I'm a pretty big windows geek, but I don't mess around with the Windows Store stuff -- last time I did, I ended up doing a refresh of my PC to fix the mess that was left. Never again.