Hey there !
I've been struggling with this too ... and might have found a solution.
See this thread : https://forums.anandtech.com/threads/startmenu-not-working-after-updating-to-windows-10-1709-device-install-reboot-required.2528621/#post-39196748
This bit :
"Apparently Microsoft added a new option in the Accounts section in 1703 (Settings -> Accounts -> Sign-In Options) called "Use my sign-in info to automatically finish setting up my device after an update or restart.". The dutch website says (according the google
translate) the option doesn't really work and to turn this option off and it should fix the task bar/start menu issue. I am testing this on my desktop at the moment, shutting off/restarting my Desktop, and haven't ran into the task bar/start menu issue yet."
Tried it, restarted, start menu, cortana and notifications bar all working well.
Hope it stays that way and that helps !