I also have this problem since the recent Windows Pro update to 1803 / 10.0.17134.48.
A number of MS apps fail to run when files are double-clicked, or the app is launched independently - these include: Photos, Video, Music and even Calculator. The files can be played by other applications.
I have tried 'DISM.exe /Online /Cleanup-image /Restorehealth' and 'sfc /scannow' - which both reported no errors.
Event viewer shows:
Faulting application name: Video.UI.exe, version: 10.17122.1621.0, time stamp: 0x5a7c3066
Faulting module name: KERNELBASE.dll, version: 10.0.17134.1, time stamp: 0x701ca188
Exception code: 0x00000004
Fault offset: 0x000000000003f218
Faulting process id: 0x4374
Faulting application start time: 0x01d3eaa4b8b9c5c4
Faulting application path: C:\Program Files\WindowsApps\Microsoft.ZuneVideo_10.17122.16211.1000_x64__8wekyb3d8bbwe\Video.UI.exe
Faulting module path: C:\WINDOWS\System32\KERNELBASE.dll
Report Id: ef792bd2-24cb-42e1-8d43-a67d4e6772cf
Faulting package full name: Microsoft.ZuneVideo_10.17122.16211.1000_x64__8wekyb3d8bbwe
Faulting package-relative application ID: Microsoft.ZuneVideo
Faulting application name: Calculator.exe, version: 10.1804.1804.1001, time stamp: 0x5ac1ba36
Faulting module name: KERNELBASE.dll, version: 10.0.17134.1, time stamp: 0x701ca188
Exception code: 0x00000004
Fault offset: 0x000000000003f218
Faulting process id: 0x3100
Faulting application start time: 0x01d3eaa45a1921a0
Faulting application path: C:\Program Files\WindowsApps\Microsoft.WindowsCalculator_10.1804.911.0_x64__8wekyb3d8bbwe\Calculator.exe
Faulting module path: C:\WINDOWS\System32\KERNELBASE.dll
Report Id: 38056623-4c6d-4208-a657-d3f36ca035e6
Faulting package full name: Microsoft.WindowsCalculator_10.1804.911.0_x64__8wekyb3d8bbwe
Faulting package-relative application ID: App