Since this is the first thing that comes up in a search on the internet,
I was able to fix it by connecting to the corporate network that my computer was managed by and then trying to run Bitlocker again.
Technical answer:
The GPO (Choose how BitLocker-protected <drive type> drives can be recovered -> Do not enable BitLocker until recovery information is stored to AD DS for <drive type>) is set to "Enabled".
This forces a connection to a domain controller to write the recovery info to it before it is allowed to be enabled.
Thanks!