Adding: I thought to look at the Cbs.log and CBSPersist logs, and there seem to be
hundreds of errors in there… 10000+ lines, for example:
2018-09-29 15:39:17, Info CSI 00000007 Manifest hash for component [l:84 ml:140]'amd64_microsoft.windows.gdiplus_6595b64144ccf1df_1.1.17134.285_none_2c2d8ac88af7e143' does not match expected value.
Expected:{l:32 b:70425a4274439112aa4e6ff29e5e73052a25ebb6f552ea6cd980bee0b1c3ce7b}
Found:{l:32 b:4667ede86c6027c6b78b5003d04123cf695d272382020ea0bcb62d42a062275b}.
2018-09-29 15:39:17, Info CSI 00000008 Looking for manifest in Backup Dir...
2018-09-29 15:39:17, Info CSI 00000009 Unable to load manifest for component [l:84 ml:140]'amd64_microsoft.windows.gdiplus_6595b64144ccf1df_1.1.17134.285_none_2c2d8ac88af7e143'
2018-09-29 15:39:17, Info CSI 0000000a Manifest hash mismatch. Component: [l:84 ml:140]'amd64_microsoft.windows.gdiplus_6595b64144ccf1df_1.1.17134.285_none_2c2d8ac88af7e143'
2018-09-29 15:39:24, Info CSI 0000000b Manifest hash for component [l:87 ml:140]'amd64_microsoft-windows-gdi32full_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.17134.285_none_376a84797d7624fa' does not match expected value.
Expected:{l:32 b:f5020d49f7acfabefaf00a25742d18f0a34d40b7e44ef1edde692b1601225a11}
Found:{l:32 b:6929dc871287c5e3a2d9e99399f4bf688c63dc15b1a627e6cc8da68b423a028c}.
2018-09-29 15:39:24, Info CSI 0000000c Looking for manifest in Backup Dir...
2018-09-29 15:39:24, Info CSI 0000000d Unable to load manifest for component [l:87 ml:140]'amd64_microsoft-windows-gdi32full_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.17134.285_none_376a84797d7624fa'
2018-09-29 15:39:24, Info CSI 0000000e Manifest hash mismatch. Component: [l:87 ml:140]'amd64_microsoft-windows-gdi32full_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.17134.285_none_376a84797d7624fa'
2018-09-29 15:39:24, Info CSI 0000000f Manifest hash for component [l:87 ml:140]'amd64_microsoft-windows-gdi32full_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.17134.285_none_376a84797d7624fa' does not match expected value.
Expected:{l:32 b:f5020d49f7acfabefaf00a25742d18f0a34d40b7e44ef1edde692b1601225a11}
Found:{l:32 b:6929dc871287c5e3a2d9e99399f4bf688c63dc15b1a627e6cc8da68b423a028c}.
and
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package Adobe-Flash-For-Windows-onecoreuap-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package Adobe-Flash-For-Windows-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package Adobe-Flash-For-Windows-WOW64-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package Containers-ApplicationGuard-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package Containers-ApplicationGuard-Shared-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package Containers-ApplicationGuard-Shared-windows-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package Containers-Client-Shared-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package Containers-Server-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package DiskIo-QoS-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package HyperV-Compute-Host-onecore-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package HyperV-Compute-Host-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package HyperV-Compute-System-VirtualMachine-onecore-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package HyperV-Compute-System-VirtualMachine-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package HyperV-Compute-System-VirtualMachine-vm-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package HyperV-Compute-System-VmDirect-onecore-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package HyperV-Compute-System-VmDirect-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package HyperV-DynamicMemory-VirtualDevice-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package HyperV-Feature-ApplicationGuard-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package HyperV-Feature-Containers-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package HyperV-Guest-Core-onecore-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
2018-09-29 15:48:31, Info CBS Repr: Not able to find replacement manifests for package HyperV-Guest-Core-Package~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~en-US~10.0.17134.1 from any local source
along with e.g.:
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS Repair failed: Missing replacement mum/cat pair.
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS (p) CBS Catalog Corrupt (n) Package_929_for_KB4346783~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~10.0.1.2
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS Repair failed: Missing replacement mum/cat pair.
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS (p) CBS Catalog Corrupt (n) Package_930_for_KB4340917~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~10.0.1.2
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS Repair failed: Missing replacement mum/cat pair.
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS (p) CBS Catalog Corrupt (n) Package_930_for_KB4345421~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~10.0.1.2
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS Repair failed: Missing replacement mum/cat pair.
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS (p) CBS Catalog Corrupt (n) Package_930_for_KB4346783~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~10.0.1.2
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS Repair failed: Missing replacement mum/cat pair.
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS (p) CBS Catalog Corrupt (n) Package_931_for_KB4340917~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~10.0.1.2
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS Repair failed: Missing replacement mum/cat pair.
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS (p) CBS Catalog Corrupt (n) Package_932_for_KB4340917~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~10.0.1.2
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS Repair failed: Missing replacement mum/cat pair.
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS (p) CBS Catalog Corrupt (n) Package_932_for_KB4345421~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~10.0.1.2
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS Repair failed: Missing replacement mum/cat pair.
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS (p) CBS Catalog Corrupt (n) Package_932_for_KB4346783~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~10.0.1.2
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS Repair failed: Missing replacement mum/cat pair.
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS (p) CBS Catalog Corrupt (n) Package_933_for_KB4340917~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~10.0.1.2
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS Repair failed: Missing replacement mum/cat pair.
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS (p) CBS Catalog Corrupt (n) Package_934_for_KB4340917~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~10.0.1.2
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS Repair failed: Missing replacement mum/cat pair.
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS (p) CBS Catalog Corrupt (n) Package_934_for_KB4345421~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~10.0.1.2
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS Repair failed: Missing replacement mum/cat pair.
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS (p) CBS Catalog Corrupt (n) Package_935_for_KB4340917~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~10.0.1.2
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS Repair failed: Missing replacement mum/cat pair.
2018-09-29 15:48:37, Info CBS (p) CBS Catalog Corrupt (n) Package_935_for_KB4343909~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~10.0.1.6
...and hundreds of others. So it seems as if something broke Windows Update irreparably?