Leave it to Microsoft to make something that should be simple complicated.
In case anyone is interested, I've figured this out myself, and here's the solution:
To relock an unlocked Bitlocker drive in Windows 10 without restarting or reconnecting USB:
If necessary, run as administrator by typing CMD in the search field, then right click on the cmd.exe icon and choose Run as Administrator
Then open the Command Prompt and type:
manage-bde -lock drive letter:
(This is the correct command. What is included in the Bitlocker instructions I was referred to is wrong.)