Hi Rob
My name is Andre Da Costa; an Independent Consultant, Windows Insider MVP and Windows & Devices for IT MVP. I'm here to help you with your problem.
It would suggest one of two things, the account if a Family Account or the NTUser.dat file is corrupt. This is also an issue many users have been reporting for years now, but there isn't a definitive fix.
I would also recommend you file a bug report; send me the short link so I can vote on it and bring it to the attention of the Windows engineers.
https://windows10.help/blogs/entry/54-how-to-su...
Information in the above link is sourced from a trusted Microsoft MVP blog.
If you are on social media, you can also let this engineer who works on it also know about the issue.
Troubleshooting steps:
Step 1:
Change the date of birth on your Microsoft Account to ensure it reflects your are 18 years or older:
Change the birthdate on your Microsoft account - Microsoft Support
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/12411/...
Step 2:
If the other account is setup as a family account, sign into your Your Family at the following link:
https://account.microsoft.com/family
Under the account, click More options, click Remove from family.
Restart then check if you can sign into the account again.
Change the account privilege
It is possible there is a profile issue, you could try changing the account privileges to Standard User from Administrator to see if it logs you in.
In your current account
Press Windows key + X
Click Task Manager
Select the Users tab
Select the account, then click Disconnect
Press Windows key + R
Type: control userpasswords2
Hit Enter
Select the other account
Click Properties
Click Group Membership
Select Standard user
Click Apply then OK
Click Apply then OK again
Restart the machine, the try logging into the account.
If that doesn't work, then it suggest NTUser.dat might be corrupt.
Open Start, type view advanced system settings
Hit Enter
Under User Profiles, click Settings
For the affected profile, click Delete
Select your user profile or another user profile that is able to log on successfully.
Click Copy To..
Click Browse then save it somewhere on your drive
Rename it to something else
Open File Explorer > This PC > system drive where Windows is installed
Open the Users folder
Open the troubled profiled
Go to the View tab, then check off Hidden items in Show/Hide
The NTUser.dat with backed up earlier, copy it into this folder
Restart, then check if you can log in.