Hi Jake! I'm Steve, an Independent Advisor and a Windows user like you. I'm happy to help with your query.
Unfortunately it's not possible to provide a definitive list of VPN protocols that will always work. It depends how the school/organisation have configured their firewall as different configurations will block different types of VPN.
The VPN protocol that's most likely to work consistently is a SSL VPN as this uses the same ports as web browsers use to make secure requests (HTTPS) which most organisations allow through their firewall. That said depending on the type of firewall in use, it may be able to detect that you're attempting to use a VPN and not browse a secure webpage, and also block that connection.
I must stress however that you should always comply with the computer use policy of the school/organisation's network you're using. If they block VPN connections then this will be for good reason and trying to get around their firewall to use one would be a breach of their policy which may leave you open to whatever penalty they impose for doing so.
Please let me know if I can be of any further assistance!