can i connect somehow the phone to the laptop being able to "see" the conversation on the computer even if this one has not a camera device?
No, you can't do that.
You might be able to buy a USB-connected webcam that you can use with your laptop, but they have become scarcer and much more expensive than they used to be. All of the following have combined to drive the prices up and availability down: everyone's working
from home because of coronavirus, all new laptops have cameras, and everyone has a smart phone with a much better camera.
https://www.tomshardware.com/best-picks/best-webcams
https://thewirecutter.com/reviews/the-best-webcams/