I have four windows 10 computers at home, and they all had this problem. They did not all break at the same time -- it looks like each one broke the last time the network connection was changed, for example from wired to wireless, or to a different wi-fi.
I fixed all of the broken computers with this registry change (only the changed values are shown).
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\NlaSvc\Parameters\Internet
This is just a workaround. More research is needed to find out what really caused the problem -- malware? defender? firewall? ISP? Something is preventing the computers from accessing www.msftconnecttest.com.