I decided to fill in a complaint and use the warranty of the product, which was no problem at all. I installed the new SSD the same way I have tried so many times before, and it worked!
@Slance & @Saltgrass - Thank you very much for your time, patience and help! It is very much appreciated, even though we were doomed from the beginning with this one. :-)
Conclusion: Hardware fault, new one worked perfectly! If you are experiencing similar issues, follow these steps and/or look in this thread for troubleshooting methods.
- Set your BIOS to UEFI startup (Not CSM or UEFI + Legacy)
- Set your boot priorities to: 1: UEFI Harddisk 2: UEFI Hardisk USB
- Turn off your computer and disconnect all hard drives but the M.2 you intent to install Windows on
- Plug in your installation media (USB)
- Turn on your computer and wait for the installation to begin
- When choosing your non-allocated hard disk, click next. You don't have to click "new", the installer will create the correct partitions automatically (if there is not a hardware fault on your M.2 SSD......)
- Let the installer restart once the installation is complete and you should be good to go
Good luck!