Hello!
I am sorry it took me so long to reply, but only now I have managed to gather information which, in my opinion, supports that it is a software issue in the first place.
I have run two tests, during which my processor temps gone up to 87 degrees - way below the critical temperature, even if quite high. The difference between them was that for one test I have used the "Balanced" power plan and everything was fine. Second time, I have used "High Performance" power plan, and the computer shut down with the abovementioned error. I have used SpeedFan and Intel XTU for monitoring temperature, and everything was, once again, similar.
I see that this is a common occurrence with Intel Dynamic Tuning, so far that many people resolve to remove it completely - and I must say, I am thinking of it as well. However, I would prefer to see if there are other option other than removing a protection feature.