Hi, my name is Neil, and I'm a Windows 10 user like you.
Sorry you are having this issue with your controller.
I can tell you from my own experience and also trying to search for an answer, but it seems to be the controller that is at fault. I have bought two new controllers recently, with identical situation as yours.
No matter what cables or computers you plug them into, they absolutely refuse to connect to the computer using a cable. They connect fine using Bluetooth.
I found quite a few other people online with the exact same problem and no one had a solution. I have tried every fix going, including what you have tried and many more, but nothing works and that was the same experience as others were finding.
I was going to create a service order and send my controllers back for repair or exchange, but then I thought of using my daughters Xbox to update my controllers. I plugged one into her Xbox and it connected fine via cable, and also updated it to the latest firmware.
Going back to my PC, it still won't connect using cable (just flashes) although it still rumbles when plugging it in, but that is just a power notification.
However, since I only wanted to update my controller's firmware, I'm not too bothered about not being able to connect it via cable as I can always use my daughters Xbox to do that.
I still cannot find any useful information online about this issue. It seems to be affecting new controllers. What I would do in your situation is log into your Microsoft Account here: https://account.microsoft.com/devices
Click on "Info & support" under your Controller and then start a service order to get it repair or replaced.
Just make sure you express that it refuses to connect to a computer using a cable.
I have tried my controllers in 9 computers (I have 4 computers and my 3 daughters, one of their fiances and my wife's) and they wouldn't connect via cable to any of them regardless of operating system or controller firmware status (updated or not).
It's a really odd issue that I'm not sure Microsoft is aware of or not.
I hope this information helps.
Kindest regards,
Neil