I suspect that the "finished state" depends on what update you are installing and what command line switches you use. If the update requires a reboot, then the update isn't really complete until after the reboot.
Like all executables, the program will exit with some code. From a command prompt this can be viewed with the %errorlevel% variable.
https://serverfault.com/questions/576154/is-there-the-full-list-of-return-codes-for-wusa-exe
If you want more details, then specify a log file on the command line. You can then query that file for messages.