I don't think this is that straightforward :)
Windows 10 by default for years now switched to quick removal for all removable drives. That means you can pull it without ejection. Yes, it may pop up the dialog on next connection.
0x800701b1 appears to be more related to device was lost. Which could simply be a USB port, cable, case, or drive issue.
Windows can act weird with drive issues. Things can get really slow if you connect a drive that's not connecting properly or that it can't understand.
But, it could also be a computer or OS issue as it had a problem that it recovered from but caused some things to happen.
Needs to be narrowed down more.
You can definitely transfer in chunks but you have to be sure you got everything. Depending on how many files, you might be able to right click on the root folder and use properties or you may need a 3rd party application or something. And do that on both sides and compare file count. However, if the external drive has a different allocation unit size then the sizes could be off which makes size not necessarily good to use when otherwise if they're same then they should be identical in size.