I was able to find a replacement at this location:
https://github.com/qmk/qmk_dfuse/blob/master/Driver/Win8.1/x86/x86/STTub30.sys
Friendly warning; that is most absolutely NOT an official location nor is that an official account of ST. If you prefer to get the official file, don't download from that link.
With that warning in mind, I checked the date of that file and verified it was dated after the same date of the file that Patrick deMan got from ST. So I took a shot.
I went to C:\Windows\System32\drivers\ using Explorer, copied STTub30.sys to a backup location for in case I had to go into safe mode and undo the change. Once it was backed up, I then deleted STTub30.sys from C:\Windows\System32\drivers. I then copied the file from the Github link into C:\Windows\System32\drivers. It warned me that it'd require admin permission. I granted it. It completed the copy operation. After that, I rebooted.
Once done rebooting. I went to Windows Security -> Device Security -> Core Isolation -> Core Isolation Details and turned on Memory Integrity. This time, unlike before, it turned on with no problems. Windows warned me it'd need to reboot. I told it to go ahead.
After that, I went back to Windows Security and was able to confirm Memory Integrity protection was fully operational. My gamble paid off.
I did get another error -- but that was from Windows warning me that ene.sys was vulnerable (integrity protection kicked in and blocked it, awesome to know it's working!). I was able to update that by going to MSI Center and having it update Mystic Light to latest version then rebooting. All was well after that, no further issues.