Though I believe Microsoft has stated various dates that older Windows 10 releases are no longer supported for Defender updates, I didn't easily find this information via search.
However, since that's the original release of Windows 10 as you mentioned, it hasn't been supported by Microsoft for critical updates and other important fixes since the following dates.
Version Start Date End Date
Version 1507 Jul 29, 2015 May 9, 2017
Windows 10 Home and Pro - Microsoft Lifecycle | Microsoft Learn
Since these critical security and other updates haven't been installed, it really doesn't matter whether Defender works or not, since like all security apps, Defender really depends upon all recent security updates being installed in order to truly protect a device.
The only way to fully protect a Windows device of any sort is to first install a fully current and supported version of the operating system, no matter what the major version number might be. Nothing else attempted using an outdated version of the operating system will ever work.
Even when I was a kid myself and often tried copies of application software given to me by others, the one thing I always owned and paid for was the operating system, since that's the only way to be certain your system is running properly and fully supported for both updates and security.
Rob