Upon closer examination, it appears that the entire "Program Files\Windows Defender" folder has been wiped out from the computer. So, no amount of registry settings will fix the issue unless the binaries are restored from the ISO.
Or, even better, run an in-place upgrade (i.e., repair installation) which will take care of that.
- Download the 22H2 ISO (19045.2006) using Rufus.
- Double-click the ISO to mount it to a drive-letter.
- Run Setup.exe and complete the repair process.
See this link for further instructions:
How to perform an In-place Upgrade with Windows 10 Step-by-Step Guide - Microsoft Community