Dear Emily,
Thank you for your helpful reply, and my apologies for my long delay. I was waiting on getting an HDMI to USB-A adapter, with which I would try connecting that way.
The Lenovo I have does indeed have a USB-A port, along with USB-C ports.
Short news is my laptop does connect to an external monitor now, but now through any way of having figured things out. It's pointing towards a possible hardware failure in the port.
The day before getting my HDMI to USB-A adapter, I decided to try the USB-C adapter again with the HDMI cable, just to see. Lo and behold, to my shock, the external monitor connected. I had done nothing since my futile attempts over a week ago. I had tried so many times for so long, and now it had decided to start working again. I have no idea how long it will keep working, but my immediate problem is solved -- albeit with the unfortunate fate of not knowing exactly what was the cause of the issue.
I think your last point is on the money here. There probably was some nigh-invisible hardware issue with the port that eventually dislodged, or something. Lenovo does lenovo things.
Thanks again. If or when it stops working again, I'll know just to switch to my other port to try and connect.