That's an odd issue. This could get a bit advanced. There's a few ways you can go and that it could be. One is the drive itself, two is Windows disk tools just can't deal with a bunch of things (and much of that are normal things it can't deal with), three is your Windows installation could be messed up, four is the storage drivers or maybe BIOS even.
Personally, I feel the single best thing is to make a bootable USB stick of gparted https://gparted.org/download.php and boot that and see if it can format the drive (may require more than one attempt). As long as the drive isn't trashed (or its connection eg cables, enclosure, or whatever), it will be able to format it. Its the single best drive tool I've ever seen. Format it something else in there then format it to NTFS or whatever, etc. If it works through it then you can most likely get it working in Windows.
However, you could try looking into the other things like trying an in-place upgrade of Windows to sort out any possible problems. Sfc, dism, chkdsk, etc will not be the best way to go though you could try them. If anything chkdsk and in-place upgrade or clean install of Windows. You may want to make backups first just in case.
The storage drivers really should be highly unlikely and the BIOS a bit more likely. But, some people have really messed up storage hardware with silly drivers. The drive having a physical problem for most people should be far far more likely.
Should be about it. I don't feel the issue is to be solved in Device Manager or one of the other disk tools they'll probably point you to, though you can hope it can be, but I'm not expecting it here. If it doesn't work they'll probably say the drive is trashed as that's all Windows only folk know :)