Have you tried disabling the "Allow this computer to turn off this device to save power" option?
- Go to Device Manager (Hold the 'Windows Key' and press 'x', then release and press 'm').
- Expand 'Network Adapters' and right-click your ethernet controller.
- Choose 'properties' in the context menu.
- Choose the "Power Management" tab.
- Disable the option to "Allow this computer to turn off this device to save power" and then 'Ok'.
Note: If you have a yellow triangle with an exclamation point like I did, you will need to disable then enable the device to allow it to work again for a short amount of time. When the ethernet controller isn't working properly, the "Power Management" tab will not appear in the menu after selecting 'properties'.
Also of note: If you don't like that your ethernet controller can wake your computer and you want to disable that option as well, you must first leave enabled the option to "Allow this computer to turn off this device to save power" while disabling "Allow this device to wake this computer". After hitting ok, go back into the menu to disable the first option to save power. If you were to do both at the same time, only the save power option is disabled.
I just had something similar happen to me, my ethernet connection wasn't working. My symptoms started abruptly and seemingly random. I have not made any system changes, recent updates, etc., and had used it without issue the day prior. Upon waking my computer from sleep, I had no internet, indicated by the network tray symbol and confirmed through a browser. My first thought was to look at network adapters in device manager (internet known to be working, cable plugged in). There was a yellow triangle and exclamation point next to the ethernet controller, it wasn't working. Right-clicking and going into the properties, I saw a message saying "Windows has stopped this device because it has reported problems. (Code 43)".
Disabling and re-enabling the ethernet controller would grant temporary internet connectivity, allowing me to download/install drivers/updates, but would "turn off" again shortly thereafter. Though all software and drivers were ensured up to date, the issue persisted. After searching for a while, I came across the suggestion to try that power management option. My internet has worked right for hours since. Curious, I again enabled the "Allow this computer to turn off this device to save power" option to see if it would cause a disconnection. I was again without internet less than a minute later, confirming the fix for me.