Syncing your account with Google prevents these issues. If sync wasn't enabled, follow the method below to recover the bookmarks.
The Chrome bookmarks should be here:
"C:\Windows.old\Users%username%\AppData\Local\Google\Chrome\User Data"
Double-click the appropriate profile folder -- e.g., "Default", "Profile 2", "Profile 3", etc., if you had multiple profiles.
In the profile folder, you'll find the "Bookmarks" file.
Open Chrome and type chrome://version/
Note the profile path and open it in Explorer. For example, it could be "C:\Users%username%\AppData\Local\Google\Chrome\User Data\Default\Profile 1"
Close all Chrome instances, and copy the Bookmarks file from the Windows.old location to your Chrome profile folder. Overwrite the existing "Bookmarks" file when prompted.
(See also How to Recover Chrome Bookmarks from Windows.old or Old Profile.)