I am at my wits end on this issue although I am thankful at least that the issue does not seem to affect the regular use of the device - so it's a minor problem in the grand scheme of things.
The title is a good summary of the issue, seen here:

For whatever reason, ever since the last couple of updates, this would be what I see in attempting a Windows Update.
What is most curious to me is that it's only been the Cumulative Update types that face this problem. (My last successful one was 2023-04 KB4023057)
Others, for instance Driver, Definition, etc. seems to get by just fine.
Thus far, some attempts at resolving this by myself as follows:
- The classic: I restarted the PC. (Interestingly, it would display the "updating" messages, show some progress but never go beyond 35% before stopping and rolling back - it's generally quicker than I can snap a photo of for reference, so hopefully this description explains enough).
- I tried the solutions in this link, which I realise afterwards isn't technically the same issue. But well, it's an attempt.
- I also tried this link (with the exception of option (3), did not touch the registry).
- In the above's option (1) performing SFC/DISM scans, the SFC step leads me to below screenshot.
- And attempting manual installation of the Cumulative Update (from the Update Catalogue) also fails.

(Restarting doesn't change this, just for good measure, I restarted after I got this and this still showed when attempting the SFC scan)
So there, bearing in mind I'm a layman with virtually no in-depth technical know-how, this is about as far as I can get without more professional or technical assistance. I hope y'all might have better ideas or solutions.