After two days of research and testing, I finally found a solution/workaround to the problem.
Short version:
After booting Windows 11 Pro on my NUC13, the Intel® Ethernet Controller I226-V must be disabled for more then 5 seconds. If I activate it after this time, the download speed is as expected. In my case around 500 Mbit/s. A waiting time of less than 6 seconds has no effect!
Detailed version:
First, I found by coincidence that turning the network driver off and on caused the download speed to become "normal", i.e. no longer 10-50 Mbit/s but the expected 500 Mbit/s.
But after reboot it was slow again.
I repeated my process, but it only worked sometimes and I couldn't figure out why. As I found out later, it worked only sometimes because I turned it off and on too quickly.
I wrote a batch file and tested it until I figured out that I must wait for more then 5 seconds before I start the driver again.
Finally I wrote a Windows task scheduler that starts after booting and stops the driver, waits and starts the driver again. The code executed is:
netsh interface set interface name="Ethernet" admin=disabled
sleep 7
netsh interface set interface name="Ethernet" admin=enabled
"Ethernet" is the name of my network driver. To get the names of your interfaces run at your terminal:
netsh interface show interface
Then insert the right name between the quotation marks.
If you want to build it in your own Windows task scheduler, the action looks like this:
The argument for the powershell in one line is:
netsh interface set interface name="Ethernet" admin=disabled; sleep 7; netsh interface set interface name="Ethernet" admin=enabled; exit
You can change the sleep time as you wish, but remember the minimum waiting time before reactivating your driver as I wrote at the beginning.
You must run this task with the highest privileges, otherwise it will not work: