I just wanted to point out that this is also happening on Windows Server 2016: Version 1607 (OS Build 14393.6709).
"Upgrade Windows" isn't really going to be practical. I suspect the updater was changed without testing on older windows versions.
I think what people are looking for though is a way to cleanup things so that that OneDriveSetup doesn't need to be called every time we log in (or maybe it's just first login after a reboot - I haven't paid that much attention).
EDIT:
It looks like you can just disable the Scheduled Task that has the name that starts with "OneDrive Standalone Update Task". Would probably need to watch for updates to see how to get to the next version when it comes out.