Hi, Jan Woitag
Welcome to Microsoft Community.
We understand that you are having problems connecting your Android phone to your computer using USB. From your description, it appears that you are experiencing this issue out of the blue, have you made any changes to your system prior to the issue occurring, such as downloading a third-party program?I noticed that you have USB debugging turned on and are unable to use the USB cable, so it seems more likely that this is related to your USB cable.You can try the following options first to troubleshoot the system issue:I. Perform a clean bootThis can be done as follows1. Tap Windows+R and type msconfig2. Open System Configuration and select General tab - Selective Startup.3. Remove the checkbox of Load startup items.4. Go to the Services tab - click Hide all microsoft services in the lower left corner, and then click Disable all.5. Click OK and restart your computer. (Be sure to select Hide all Microsoft services first and then click Disable all, otherwise it may cause unforeseen problems such as not being able to access the system.)See if the problem still recurs.NOTE: Clean boot is a way to start Windows with a minimal set of drivers and startup programs so that you can determine if background programs are interfering with your games or programs and help you figure out the cause of the problem. It will help you get back on track.II. Try to repair your system1. Search for CMD, find Command Prompt and select Run in Administrator Mode.2. Enter the following commands one by one, be sure to execute the next command after the previous one is completed.DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /ScanHealthDISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /CheckHealthDISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealthSFC /Scannow3. After the scan is complete, you can check the scanning information to see if the problem has been detected and fixed.In addition, you can also try to use the Phone Link application that comes with Windows to try to connect to your phone, please refer to the link: Phone Link requirements and setup - Microsoft SupportIf the problem persists after trying the above two options, it means that the problem is related to your USB cable, you can try to replace the cable or check the interface.If you have any progress, please feel free to contact us.
Best Regards
Nicholas.Z - MSFT | Microsoft Community Support Specialist