What is the cause of this issue?
This should be listed under the service health service - it may take some time for the report to appear. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/service-health/resource-health-overview
After Redeploying what happens to our vm?
It just gets moved to a healthy node (physical host), you will experience some downtime while it is moved but that should be all. - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/azure/virtual-machines/redeploy-to-new-node-windows
Our VM got rebooted and it took 30 minutes for completion and what is the reason for that?
The fabric controller automatically moves your VM to a healthy physical node which requires some downtime. The time it takes can depend on what you have deployed.
What is MS doing for avoid this type of issues because in AWS it is not happening?
Hardware components are always subject to failure so in this instance Microsoft have automatically moved your VM to a healthy host. I'm quite sure AWS has a very similar process, but I can't comment on how AWS manage fault tolerance. Something like this can happen to anyone and likewise I know customers who have never experienced this after many years of usage.
How can be mitigate these type of issues?
If you can't afford to risk any downtime then you would need to deploy multiple instances of your VMs using either availability sets or availability zones in order to spread your VMs across separate physical hosts. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/architecture/example-scenario/infrastructure/iaas-high-availability-disaster-recovery