Hi John,
Welcome to Microsoft Community.
In your description, your computer is slow with USB 3.0 when transferring large files.
I note that you have tried cache-related solutions and have tried using a different USB drive and have tried using your hard drive in Linux, and appreciate the effort you have put into solving this problem. I do understand the frustration of not being able to fix the problem after the current attempted solution identified it.
May I ask if you have tried using another USB port?
With the results of your attempts, the problem is most likely with your USB driver. The fact that you realized and found the problem shows that you have strong logical thinking skills, which surpasses most users.
Please refer to the following steps and try to update the driver for Universal Serial Bus controllers.
1 Search for “Device Manager” in the search box on the taskbar, and click to open it.
2 Find Universal Serial Bus controllers and expand it.
3 Uninstall all the drivers in it, then restart your computer to see if the same problem occurs.
4 If the problem still exists, please download and install the corresponding drivers according to your motherboard's model number or serial number through the following link.
https://www.asus.com/supportonly/rog%20strix%20x570-e%20gaming/helpdesk_download/
https://rog.asus.com/motherboards/rog-strix/rog-strix-x570-e-gaming-wifi-ii-model/helpdesk_download/
Disclaimer: These are non-Microsoft websites. The page appears to be providing accurate and safe information. Watch out for ads on the site that may advertise products frequently classified as PUP (Potentially Unwanted Products). Thoroughly research any product advertised on the site before you decide to download and install it.
If you are still having problems, please refer to the following link to enter Safe Mode
Windows startup settings - Microsoft Support
In Safe Mode, install the previously downloaded driver again, and then test the speed of your hard disk with minimal software to see if the same problem occurs.
You can also refer to the following steps for a clean boot
- Tap on Windows+R and type msconfig
- Open System Configuration and select General tab - Selective Startup.
- Remove the checkmark of Load startup items.
- Go to the Services tab - click Hide all microsoft services in the lower left corner, and then click Disable all.
- Click OK and restart your computer. (Be sure to select Hide all microsoft services first, and then click Disable all, otherwise it may lead to unforeseen problems such as not being able to access the system.)
See if the same problem exists in this case.
Disclaimer: A “clean boot” starts Windows with a minimal set of drivers and startup programs. It helps to determine whether a background service is interfering with your game or program and to isolate the cause of a problem.
These steps of "clean boot" might look complicated at first glance. However, to avoid any trouble for you, please follow them in order and step-by step so that it will help you get back on track.
If the problem still persists, it is most likely that your motherboard has some compatibility issues with Windows, so please contact ASUS support via the link below and they will be able to provide you with more targeted assistance in this area.
https://www.asus.com/us/support/callus/
Disclaimer: Microsoft provides no assurances and/or warranties, implied or otherwise, and is not responsible for the information you receive from the third-party linked sites or any support related to technology.
Thank you for your understanding and support.
Best regards,
Zev - MSFT | Microsoft Community Support Specialist