Hi Finch Chiacchia,
Thank you for reaching out here in the Microsoft Community.
In your description, one of your computers is currently unable to boot into Windows from a USB drive.
I note that you have tried a number of things, including using rufus as well as just using a drive, etc. Thank you for your efforts in trying to resolve this issue, and I understand the frustration of not being able to use the computer and not being able to repair it.
The problem could be related to missing system files, or a BIOS error, or a hardware failure, and we can try possible options before checking the hardware.
In order to prevent data loss during the follow-up process, please backup the data in your hard disk before trying the solution.
We judge that it may be some problems with the BIOS settings in your computer. Please refer to the following steps
Format your two hard disks (make sure to backup your data)
Then refer to the following link and use media creation tool to create an installation media for your system on a USB drive
Download Windows 10 (microsoft.com)
Note: Just create the media creation media, don't use a laptop to install the system into USB
Then insert the first hard disk and reset the BIOS settings according to the motherboard manual or the device manufacturer's instructions.
Disclaimer: Microsoft provides no assurances and/or warranties, implied or otherwise, and is not responsible for the information you receive from the third-party linked sites or any support related to technology.
If you are going to modify BIOS Settings, please back up all your personal files first to ensure you do not lose data.
Then insert the installation media of the system you made earlier, try to set it as a boot device in the BIOS, and see if the computer can boot normally.
If it does, insert a second hard disk.
See if that helps after this.
If the problem still persists, then there may be a hardware failure in your computer, please contact the device manufacturer and have them perform a hardware check on your computer.
Please try the above options and let me know the results and I will determine the problem for you based on the results.
Thank you for your understanding and support.
Best regards,
Zev - MSFT | Microsoft Community Support Specialist