I had this same problem with a fresh Windows 11 24H2 install. VERY slow Internet speeds on a 10Gb network adapter. I found that my Receive Window Auto-Tuning Level was set to disable. Setting this to Normal fixed the issue.
To use netsh to review or modify the autotuning level
To review the current settings, open a Command Prompt window and run the following command:
Windows Command Prompt:
netsh interface tcp show global
The output of this command should resemble the following:
Querying active state...
TCP Global Parameters
Receive-Side Scaling State : enabled
Chimney Offload State : disabled
Receive Window Auto-Tuning Level : normal
Add-On Congestion Control Provider : default
ECN Capability : disabled
RFC 1323 Timestamps : disabled
Initial RTO : 3000
Receive Segment Coalescing State : enabled
Non Sack Rtt Resiliency : disabled
Max SYN Retransmissions : 2
Fast Open : enabled
Fast Open Fallback : enabled
Pacing Profile : off
To modify the setting, run the following command at the command prompt:
netsh interface tcp set global autotuninglevel=<Value>
Auto-Tune should be set to NORMAL