Hi Christian,
I understand your scenario, to make the emails remain as unread unless you double click it to open them, you can set an option in Outlook as follows:
#1. Click File > Options, in the popped-out Outlook Options dialog box, click Mail in the left pane, and then click Reading Pane button in the Outlook panes section.
#2. In the Reading Pane dialog box, uncheck Mark item as read when selection changes option in the Reading Pane options list box.
Generally, in this case, the emails will be not marked as read until you double click to open them or mark them as read manually.
If problem persists, I suggest you run a test to sign-out Outlook in your iPhone and other devices temporarily, this way, we can narrow down the problem and let us know which device the problem came from.
In addition, please login Outlook web app to check whether the situation is the same. Since we need to know whether it is maintaining the connection to the server and apply changes that you make to the read and unread status of messages on the server.
Hope it helps, welcome back to us if there are any updates.
Thanks,
Linda