Hi Brett,
We appreciate that you posted back and shared your experience with us. We also appreciate that you spent your precious time doing those tests.
We have read your description carefully, and it seems that only Windows has this problem, and it works fine on the other devices, and you have tried all suggestions I provided above and same problem still persists. Even you have used the internet connection to you organization, you will also get same error message.
If my understanding is right, given the situation, we understand the inconvenience caused by it. Since the error message you encountered is related to Windows TPM, and this issue only occurs on Windows, the other devices don’t have the same problem, to narrow down this issue is related to Duo authentication, we’d suggest you contact your Office 365 admin to test with your account on one device with TPM chip and one device without TPM to check if the behaviors in different devices with different environments are same.
At the same time, you mentioned “ would allow you remote access to my computer like at my organization's IT department with my office computer”, we’d also want to help you solve the problem via remoting, however, since we focus on forum support and only support the way of replying to the customers and communicating in the forum, if you want to solve your problem via remoting directly, the best way to deal with the situation you encountered is to contact the administrators in your organizations and open a support ticket in the Office 365 admin center via the steps in the article for further help. The support team there has the correct escalation channel and permission for this case.
Your understanding and patience will be highly appreciated.
Best Regards,
Sukie