So I have the same issue after an update to Office 365 in Outlook, Word, Excel and PowerPoint, and while Word lets you actually SET A DEFAULT theme you select, none of the other applications DO...
There is literally NO reason why Microsoft can NOT make ALL the applications have a means to do what Word allows - which is select a theme from the available list, then click a "SET AS DEFAULT" and that's it.
I can do any workaround on my personal computers at home, but at work, the systems are locked down and if there's something needing to be set-up or saved in my user folder on the C: drive, I can't do it and any thing that requires a system modification has to be done by the IT department -- and while I could implement workarounds myself, the IT department won't let me and they won't even bother to try.
So, yeah, I'm "stuck" with having to either just accept the changes Microsoft forced on me by changing the theme in the update, or having to set a theme every time I start a new Excel workbook, new PowerPoint deck, new Email....
Unless someone can tell me how to get around this (and I've tried everything mentioned here for Outlook to no avail.)
Microsoft has ALWAYS had an issue with consistency of basic functionality in the menu structures of their Office suite... and it seems like they ALWAYS will and will continue to make changes that force end-users by default to do things they way they think things should be done, and not the way that end-users would like to do thing.
Sorry for the rant.... but this is beyond annoying.