This error is due to your cached credentials. I would assume you received a new CAC (aka new credentials). I found the following to work.
Quit OneDrive
Close all applications.
Open Word. From the main tab, go to "Account" > Select "Sign out."
In the search bar, type in "Internet Options" > "Content" tab > "Certificates" > Delete the old CAC certs. (if unsure which ones are new, check expiration date or delete them all and unplug and reinsert CAC)
In the search bar, type "Credential Manager" > Select "Windows Credentials" > under "Generic credentials", remove any Microsoft OneDrive cookies.
Delete the "Cache" folder in the following location: C:\Users%username%\AppData\Local\OneDrive\
Using the run command (Windows Key + R) : input the following command. C:\Program Files\Microsoft OneDrive\onedrive.exe /reset
Login to Outlook and OneDrive.
Note:
- Not tested yet, but when you get a new CAC, you can ask for your old certs to be loaded or kept. This could avoid this whole issue.
- Not tested yet, but users could possibly recover their old certs as well and load them onto the machine potentially correcting the issue.
- Deleting the local profile on the system will fix the error as well.