If nothing works and you have time, then maybe try the next method, in this order:
- Uninstall all products, all versions: SSMS, SQL Server, Visual Studio, Data Tools and other components that are related to SQL and Visual Studio, or which are not needed. Use Control Panel, Uninstall to view the products.
- Restart the computer, go to Settings and apply all of updates, if any.
- Restart the computer and install the latest SSMS, which is 18.6.
- Check if SSMS works; try accessing some external database, if any.
- Install SQL Server 2019, check if you can access it from SSMS.
- Install Visual Studio, etc.