See a couple responses on https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/ie/en-US/b8225294-8d03-4ede-b1da-aa3fbce719db/cant-connect-outlook-2016-to-exchange-2016?forum=Exch2016CM (a similar issue with Outlook and Exchange 2016).
Please use the Microsoft Remote Connectivity Analyzer to run outlook connectivity tests and check if any errors.
Moreover, I also recommend you refer to the following article and check if any helps:
Outlook connection issues with Exchange mailboxes because of the RPC encryption requirement
Outlook: Unable to perform a Check Name or connect to an Exchange mailbox
(or)
The fix for me was to edit the authentication settings for the mapi virtual directory in the Exchange Admin center. I enabled Windows Authentication -NTLM, Negotiate and Basic. Outlook clients could then connect and I could proceed with the migration. Hope that helps someone.
Based on your information this is just a guess at what may help you.
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If this is helpful please accept answer.