The documentation indicates that the only odata query parameters supported are $expand, $select, $skipToken, $top and $orderby.
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/graph/api/driveitem-list-children?view=graph-rest-1.0&tabs=http#optional-query-parameters
I've used $filter to work against the 'name' property, but in some quick testing using Graph Explorer 'lastModifiedDateTime' doesn't work.
Unfortunately, the answer appears to be no.