@Axyrium Thank you for reaching out to us and providing the detailed description of the issue, would recommend to review following event logs along with dsregcmd /status
Application and Service Logs > Microsoft > Windows > HelloForBusiness
Application and Service Logs > Microsoft > Windows > User Device Registration
Application and Service Logs > Microsoft > Windows > AAD
If the above logs do not provide guidance to a solution, use this device registration troubleshooter tool - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/samples/azure-samples/dsregtool/dsregtool/ which will help you to troubleshoot further.
Let me know if you have any further questions, feel free to post back, if required we can connect offline to troubleshoot further on this.