The error message means that SQL Server did not start when Setup wanted to run configuration. To find out why it did not start, you need to check the SQL Server errorlog which you find in C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL16.INSTANCE\MSSQL\LOG\ERRORLOG.
If you see a message about 256 misaligned reads, you are running into a known issue. See this article for workarounds: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/sql/database-engine/database-file-operations/troubleshoot-os-4kb-disk-sector-size.