It is possible that the customer's public IP address is not static and may be changing frequently. In this case, if you have whitelisted a specific IP address, it may become outdated and not match the current public IP address of the customer's VM, which could result in the connection being disconnected.
Another possibility is that there might be a firewall or network security group rule blocking the connection from the customer's VM to your storage account container. You can verify this by checking the customer's network security group rules to ensure that the required ports for SFTP (port 22) are open and allowed for outgoing traffic.
Additionally, you can check the logs in your storage account to see if there are any error messages