@marceliwut Thanks for posting in our Q&A.
Honestly, I'm not familiar with Powershell. And I only share some information from Graph.
We also called Intune detected apps as "Intune discovered apps". For intune discovered apps, Intune never collects information on applications that are unmanaged on personal devices. However, any app whether it's a managed app or not is collected on corporate devices.
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/mem/intune/apps/app-discovered-apps
We can click on "F12" to open DevTool. When we click on "Discovered apps", we can see the specific request.
Then we can run the request URL in Graph explorer, we will see the detected apps.
Hope it will give you some ideas.
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