Hi Yuki, To utilize Microsoft Graph API you will need enough permissions within your organization to consent reading data.
Just based off what you stated it looks like you may not be a apart of the IT team. Perhaps, you should reach out to your IT team to ask for this. I will try to answer your questions in order:
#1 Is there any other official way besides above to get data of posts in Channel, hopefully put the data to Excel?
You can use Microsoft Graph API to get a JSON response and convert it to Excel (CSV).
#2 If there aren't any, is it normal to get admin approval from Microsoft for such a small issue?
You do not need to get any approval from Microsoft. The "Admin Approval" is from Administrators within your Microsoft Azure Active Directory/tenant. This is why I mentioned speaking to your IT team.
If this is helpful please accept answer.