Kyle Infante Thanks for posting your question in Microsoft Q&A. We have implementation guide for this scenario in doc: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/healthcare-apis/fhir/centers-for-medicare-tutorial-introduction#provider-directory-api-implementation-guide and adding for your reference.
To answer your questions, you can use API Gateway i.e., API Management service in front of FHIR service which acts as a facade to FHIR service. This would help in enabling publicly available API via Open API/Open Product and refer https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/api-management/api-management-subscriptions#how-api-management-handles-requests-with-or-without-subscription-keys. Also, this can enable to narrow down to only few resources.
I hope this helps with your questions and let me know if you have any questions.