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From the error message my understanding is that it is coming from your Azure SQL Server. It seems to be related to Access policies. I would also recommend going through the below article and see if that helps to troubleshoot the access policies.
Troubleshooting external data and access policies in Azure SQL and SQL Server
This error can occur when there is a delay in the policy refresh process, which can cause the policies to expire before they are refreshed. This can happen randomly and may not be reproducible consistently.
As a workaround, if the user account you are using to connect to Azure SQL has permissions to execute the sys.sp_external_policy_refresh SP, then you may try executing the sys.sp_external_policy_refresh procedure (For incremental policy refresh - EXEC sp_external_policy_refresh and for Complete Policy refresh - EXEC sp_external_policy_refresh @type = 'reload' ) using the Pre-copy script in copy activity before writing data to your SQL Sink.
Hope this helps. If this doens't work and the issue still persists, I recommend filing a support ticket for deeper analysis. As the issue is on Azure SQL side, please file a support ticket for Azure SQL Server product and one of the enigneer can help troubleshoot and provide the root cause and possible solution.
Let us know how it goes.
Thank you